Find using Residue Theorem the following integral












0












$begingroup$


Find using Residue Theorem



$$int_{-1}^1 dfrac{dx}{(sqrt {1-x^2})(1+x^2)}$$



My try:



I took the contour $C=C_1+C_2 $ where $C_1$ is the upper half of the circle with center at $0$ and and radius $1$.



and $C_2$ is the line joining $-1$ to $1$.



I now consider the function in $Bbb C$ to be
$$int_C dfrac{dz}{(sqrt {1-z^2})(1+z^2)}$$



Over $C_2$ I get that $$int_{C_2} dfrac{dz}{(sqrt {1-z^2})(1+z^2)}$$=$$int_{-1}^1 dfrac{dx}{(sqrt {1-x^2})(1+x^2)}$$



But I dont know if I am doing it right or not because every singularity of the function lies on the boundary of $C$.



Also I cant figure out how to calculate $$int_{C_1} dfrac{dz}{(sqrt {1-z^2})(1+z^2)}$$



Any help from someone here?



Thanks for reading my post










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$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Either all the time there is lacking some parentheses in the denominator or else there is rather weird $;1;$ there...
    $endgroup$
    – DonAntonio
    Dec 4 '18 at 17:02












  • $begingroup$
    @DonAntonio;edited my question,can u have a look now
    $endgroup$
    – Join_PhD
    Dec 4 '18 at 17:07










  • $begingroup$
    Have you already chosen a branch for the square root function? There are two of them...But this isn't really that critical now: you cannot have a path from the point $;z=-1;$ to the point $;z=1;$ since on those points your function isn't defined. You can't also go through the point $;z=i;$ for the same reason.
    $endgroup$
    – DonAntonio
    Dec 4 '18 at 18:14


















0












$begingroup$


Find using Residue Theorem



$$int_{-1}^1 dfrac{dx}{(sqrt {1-x^2})(1+x^2)}$$



My try:



I took the contour $C=C_1+C_2 $ where $C_1$ is the upper half of the circle with center at $0$ and and radius $1$.



and $C_2$ is the line joining $-1$ to $1$.



I now consider the function in $Bbb C$ to be
$$int_C dfrac{dz}{(sqrt {1-z^2})(1+z^2)}$$



Over $C_2$ I get that $$int_{C_2} dfrac{dz}{(sqrt {1-z^2})(1+z^2)}$$=$$int_{-1}^1 dfrac{dx}{(sqrt {1-x^2})(1+x^2)}$$



But I dont know if I am doing it right or not because every singularity of the function lies on the boundary of $C$.



Also I cant figure out how to calculate $$int_{C_1} dfrac{dz}{(sqrt {1-z^2})(1+z^2)}$$



Any help from someone here?



Thanks for reading my post










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$












  • $begingroup$
    Either all the time there is lacking some parentheses in the denominator or else there is rather weird $;1;$ there...
    $endgroup$
    – DonAntonio
    Dec 4 '18 at 17:02












  • $begingroup$
    @DonAntonio;edited my question,can u have a look now
    $endgroup$
    – Join_PhD
    Dec 4 '18 at 17:07










  • $begingroup$
    Have you already chosen a branch for the square root function? There are two of them...But this isn't really that critical now: you cannot have a path from the point $;z=-1;$ to the point $;z=1;$ since on those points your function isn't defined. You can't also go through the point $;z=i;$ for the same reason.
    $endgroup$
    – DonAntonio
    Dec 4 '18 at 18:14
















0












0








0


0



$begingroup$


Find using Residue Theorem



$$int_{-1}^1 dfrac{dx}{(sqrt {1-x^2})(1+x^2)}$$



My try:



I took the contour $C=C_1+C_2 $ where $C_1$ is the upper half of the circle with center at $0$ and and radius $1$.



and $C_2$ is the line joining $-1$ to $1$.



I now consider the function in $Bbb C$ to be
$$int_C dfrac{dz}{(sqrt {1-z^2})(1+z^2)}$$



Over $C_2$ I get that $$int_{C_2} dfrac{dz}{(sqrt {1-z^2})(1+z^2)}$$=$$int_{-1}^1 dfrac{dx}{(sqrt {1-x^2})(1+x^2)}$$



But I dont know if I am doing it right or not because every singularity of the function lies on the boundary of $C$.



Also I cant figure out how to calculate $$int_{C_1} dfrac{dz}{(sqrt {1-z^2})(1+z^2)}$$



Any help from someone here?



Thanks for reading my post










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




Find using Residue Theorem



$$int_{-1}^1 dfrac{dx}{(sqrt {1-x^2})(1+x^2)}$$



My try:



I took the contour $C=C_1+C_2 $ where $C_1$ is the upper half of the circle with center at $0$ and and radius $1$.



and $C_2$ is the line joining $-1$ to $1$.



I now consider the function in $Bbb C$ to be
$$int_C dfrac{dz}{(sqrt {1-z^2})(1+z^2)}$$



Over $C_2$ I get that $$int_{C_2} dfrac{dz}{(sqrt {1-z^2})(1+z^2)}$$=$$int_{-1}^1 dfrac{dx}{(sqrt {1-x^2})(1+x^2)}$$



But I dont know if I am doing it right or not because every singularity of the function lies on the boundary of $C$.



Also I cant figure out how to calculate $$int_{C_1} dfrac{dz}{(sqrt {1-z^2})(1+z^2)}$$



Any help from someone here?



Thanks for reading my post







complex-analysis residue-calculus






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share|cite|improve this question













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share|cite|improve this question








edited Dec 4 '18 at 17:06







Join_PhD

















asked Dec 4 '18 at 16:57









Join_PhDJoin_PhD

3378




3378












  • $begingroup$
    Either all the time there is lacking some parentheses in the denominator or else there is rather weird $;1;$ there...
    $endgroup$
    – DonAntonio
    Dec 4 '18 at 17:02












  • $begingroup$
    @DonAntonio;edited my question,can u have a look now
    $endgroup$
    – Join_PhD
    Dec 4 '18 at 17:07










  • $begingroup$
    Have you already chosen a branch for the square root function? There are two of them...But this isn't really that critical now: you cannot have a path from the point $;z=-1;$ to the point $;z=1;$ since on those points your function isn't defined. You can't also go through the point $;z=i;$ for the same reason.
    $endgroup$
    – DonAntonio
    Dec 4 '18 at 18:14




















  • $begingroup$
    Either all the time there is lacking some parentheses in the denominator or else there is rather weird $;1;$ there...
    $endgroup$
    – DonAntonio
    Dec 4 '18 at 17:02












  • $begingroup$
    @DonAntonio;edited my question,can u have a look now
    $endgroup$
    – Join_PhD
    Dec 4 '18 at 17:07










  • $begingroup$
    Have you already chosen a branch for the square root function? There are two of them...But this isn't really that critical now: you cannot have a path from the point $;z=-1;$ to the point $;z=1;$ since on those points your function isn't defined. You can't also go through the point $;z=i;$ for the same reason.
    $endgroup$
    – DonAntonio
    Dec 4 '18 at 18:14


















$begingroup$
Either all the time there is lacking some parentheses in the denominator or else there is rather weird $;1;$ there...
$endgroup$
– DonAntonio
Dec 4 '18 at 17:02






$begingroup$
Either all the time there is lacking some parentheses in the denominator or else there is rather weird $;1;$ there...
$endgroup$
– DonAntonio
Dec 4 '18 at 17:02














$begingroup$
@DonAntonio;edited my question,can u have a look now
$endgroup$
– Join_PhD
Dec 4 '18 at 17:07




$begingroup$
@DonAntonio;edited my question,can u have a look now
$endgroup$
– Join_PhD
Dec 4 '18 at 17:07












$begingroup$
Have you already chosen a branch for the square root function? There are two of them...But this isn't really that critical now: you cannot have a path from the point $;z=-1;$ to the point $;z=1;$ since on those points your function isn't defined. You can't also go through the point $;z=i;$ for the same reason.
$endgroup$
– DonAntonio
Dec 4 '18 at 18:14






$begingroup$
Have you already chosen a branch for the square root function? There are two of them...But this isn't really that critical now: you cannot have a path from the point $;z=-1;$ to the point $;z=1;$ since on those points your function isn't defined. You can't also go through the point $;z=i;$ for the same reason.
$endgroup$
– DonAntonio
Dec 4 '18 at 18:14












1 Answer
1






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oldest

votes


















0












$begingroup$

The complex function has two branch points at $z=pm 1$ and a pole at $z=i$. Your contour contains all of these points, making it an inappropriate contour to use.



Let's pick a contour similar to the one seen in this example.



We pick the branch cut on $[-1,1]$ on the real line such that



begin{align}
1+z &= r_1e^{iphi_1}, & phi_1 in (-pi,pi] \
1-z &= r_2e^{iphi_2}, & phi_2 in (0,2pi)
end{align}



The contour consists of:





  • $C_1$: a line segment just above the branch cut going from $1+epsilon$ to $-1+epsilon$,


  • $C_2$: a left semicircle $z = -1 +epsilon e^{it}$, going counter-clockwise from $-1+epsilon$ to $-1-epsilon$


  • $C_3$: a line segment just below the branch cut, going from $-1-epsilon$ to $1-epsilon$


  • $C_4$: a right semicircle $z = 1 + epsilon e^{it}$, going counterclockwise from $1-epsilon$ to $1+epsilon$




In the limit of $epsilon to 0$, we have



$$ f(z)big|_{C_1} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}e^{i0/2}sqrt{|1-z|}e^{i2pi/2}} = frac{-1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}sqrt{|1-z|}} $$



$$ f(z)big|_{C_3} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}e^{-i0/2}sqrt{|1-z|}e^{i0/2}} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}sqrt{|1-z|}} $$



$$ implies int_{C_1} f(z) dz + int_{C_3} f(z) dz = -int_1^{-1} f(x) dx + int_{-1}^1 f(x) dx = 2int_{-1}^1 f(x) dx $$





Next, we can prove the integral vanishes on the 2 semicircles. Using the ML inequality



$$ int_{C_2} f(z) dz le frac{L(C_2)}{|1+z^2|sqrt{|1-z|}sqrt{|1+z|}} le frac{pi epsilon}{2sqrt{2}sqrt{epsilon}} to 0 $$



Since $|z| ge 1$ and $|1-z| ge 2$



$$ int_{C_4} f(z) dz le frac{L(C_4)}{|1+z^2|sqrt{|1-z|}sqrt{|1+z|}} le frac{pi epsilon}{2sqrt{2}sqrt{epsilon}} to 0 $$



Since $|z| ge 1$ and $|1+z| ge 2$





Finally, use residues to finish the rest. You may also need to find the residue at infinity.






share|cite|improve this answer









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  • $begingroup$
    Thanks for an answer,I will need some time and patience to understand it
    $endgroup$
    – Join_PhD
    Dec 5 '18 at 10:09











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1 Answer
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active

oldest

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1 Answer
1






active

oldest

votes









active

oldest

votes






active

oldest

votes









0












$begingroup$

The complex function has two branch points at $z=pm 1$ and a pole at $z=i$. Your contour contains all of these points, making it an inappropriate contour to use.



Let's pick a contour similar to the one seen in this example.



We pick the branch cut on $[-1,1]$ on the real line such that



begin{align}
1+z &= r_1e^{iphi_1}, & phi_1 in (-pi,pi] \
1-z &= r_2e^{iphi_2}, & phi_2 in (0,2pi)
end{align}



The contour consists of:





  • $C_1$: a line segment just above the branch cut going from $1+epsilon$ to $-1+epsilon$,


  • $C_2$: a left semicircle $z = -1 +epsilon e^{it}$, going counter-clockwise from $-1+epsilon$ to $-1-epsilon$


  • $C_3$: a line segment just below the branch cut, going from $-1-epsilon$ to $1-epsilon$


  • $C_4$: a right semicircle $z = 1 + epsilon e^{it}$, going counterclockwise from $1-epsilon$ to $1+epsilon$




In the limit of $epsilon to 0$, we have



$$ f(z)big|_{C_1} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}e^{i0/2}sqrt{|1-z|}e^{i2pi/2}} = frac{-1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}sqrt{|1-z|}} $$



$$ f(z)big|_{C_3} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}e^{-i0/2}sqrt{|1-z|}e^{i0/2}} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}sqrt{|1-z|}} $$



$$ implies int_{C_1} f(z) dz + int_{C_3} f(z) dz = -int_1^{-1} f(x) dx + int_{-1}^1 f(x) dx = 2int_{-1}^1 f(x) dx $$





Next, we can prove the integral vanishes on the 2 semicircles. Using the ML inequality



$$ int_{C_2} f(z) dz le frac{L(C_2)}{|1+z^2|sqrt{|1-z|}sqrt{|1+z|}} le frac{pi epsilon}{2sqrt{2}sqrt{epsilon}} to 0 $$



Since $|z| ge 1$ and $|1-z| ge 2$



$$ int_{C_4} f(z) dz le frac{L(C_4)}{|1+z^2|sqrt{|1-z|}sqrt{|1+z|}} le frac{pi epsilon}{2sqrt{2}sqrt{epsilon}} to 0 $$



Since $|z| ge 1$ and $|1+z| ge 2$





Finally, use residues to finish the rest. You may also need to find the residue at infinity.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    Thanks for an answer,I will need some time and patience to understand it
    $endgroup$
    – Join_PhD
    Dec 5 '18 at 10:09
















0












$begingroup$

The complex function has two branch points at $z=pm 1$ and a pole at $z=i$. Your contour contains all of these points, making it an inappropriate contour to use.



Let's pick a contour similar to the one seen in this example.



We pick the branch cut on $[-1,1]$ on the real line such that



begin{align}
1+z &= r_1e^{iphi_1}, & phi_1 in (-pi,pi] \
1-z &= r_2e^{iphi_2}, & phi_2 in (0,2pi)
end{align}



The contour consists of:





  • $C_1$: a line segment just above the branch cut going from $1+epsilon$ to $-1+epsilon$,


  • $C_2$: a left semicircle $z = -1 +epsilon e^{it}$, going counter-clockwise from $-1+epsilon$ to $-1-epsilon$


  • $C_3$: a line segment just below the branch cut, going from $-1-epsilon$ to $1-epsilon$


  • $C_4$: a right semicircle $z = 1 + epsilon e^{it}$, going counterclockwise from $1-epsilon$ to $1+epsilon$




In the limit of $epsilon to 0$, we have



$$ f(z)big|_{C_1} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}e^{i0/2}sqrt{|1-z|}e^{i2pi/2}} = frac{-1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}sqrt{|1-z|}} $$



$$ f(z)big|_{C_3} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}e^{-i0/2}sqrt{|1-z|}e^{i0/2}} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}sqrt{|1-z|}} $$



$$ implies int_{C_1} f(z) dz + int_{C_3} f(z) dz = -int_1^{-1} f(x) dx + int_{-1}^1 f(x) dx = 2int_{-1}^1 f(x) dx $$





Next, we can prove the integral vanishes on the 2 semicircles. Using the ML inequality



$$ int_{C_2} f(z) dz le frac{L(C_2)}{|1+z^2|sqrt{|1-z|}sqrt{|1+z|}} le frac{pi epsilon}{2sqrt{2}sqrt{epsilon}} to 0 $$



Since $|z| ge 1$ and $|1-z| ge 2$



$$ int_{C_4} f(z) dz le frac{L(C_4)}{|1+z^2|sqrt{|1-z|}sqrt{|1+z|}} le frac{pi epsilon}{2sqrt{2}sqrt{epsilon}} to 0 $$



Since $|z| ge 1$ and $|1+z| ge 2$





Finally, use residues to finish the rest. You may also need to find the residue at infinity.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    Thanks for an answer,I will need some time and patience to understand it
    $endgroup$
    – Join_PhD
    Dec 5 '18 at 10:09














0












0








0





$begingroup$

The complex function has two branch points at $z=pm 1$ and a pole at $z=i$. Your contour contains all of these points, making it an inappropriate contour to use.



Let's pick a contour similar to the one seen in this example.



We pick the branch cut on $[-1,1]$ on the real line such that



begin{align}
1+z &= r_1e^{iphi_1}, & phi_1 in (-pi,pi] \
1-z &= r_2e^{iphi_2}, & phi_2 in (0,2pi)
end{align}



The contour consists of:





  • $C_1$: a line segment just above the branch cut going from $1+epsilon$ to $-1+epsilon$,


  • $C_2$: a left semicircle $z = -1 +epsilon e^{it}$, going counter-clockwise from $-1+epsilon$ to $-1-epsilon$


  • $C_3$: a line segment just below the branch cut, going from $-1-epsilon$ to $1-epsilon$


  • $C_4$: a right semicircle $z = 1 + epsilon e^{it}$, going counterclockwise from $1-epsilon$ to $1+epsilon$




In the limit of $epsilon to 0$, we have



$$ f(z)big|_{C_1} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}e^{i0/2}sqrt{|1-z|}e^{i2pi/2}} = frac{-1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}sqrt{|1-z|}} $$



$$ f(z)big|_{C_3} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}e^{-i0/2}sqrt{|1-z|}e^{i0/2}} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}sqrt{|1-z|}} $$



$$ implies int_{C_1} f(z) dz + int_{C_3} f(z) dz = -int_1^{-1} f(x) dx + int_{-1}^1 f(x) dx = 2int_{-1}^1 f(x) dx $$





Next, we can prove the integral vanishes on the 2 semicircles. Using the ML inequality



$$ int_{C_2} f(z) dz le frac{L(C_2)}{|1+z^2|sqrt{|1-z|}sqrt{|1+z|}} le frac{pi epsilon}{2sqrt{2}sqrt{epsilon}} to 0 $$



Since $|z| ge 1$ and $|1-z| ge 2$



$$ int_{C_4} f(z) dz le frac{L(C_4)}{|1+z^2|sqrt{|1-z|}sqrt{|1+z|}} le frac{pi epsilon}{2sqrt{2}sqrt{epsilon}} to 0 $$



Since $|z| ge 1$ and $|1+z| ge 2$





Finally, use residues to finish the rest. You may also need to find the residue at infinity.






share|cite|improve this answer









$endgroup$



The complex function has two branch points at $z=pm 1$ and a pole at $z=i$. Your contour contains all of these points, making it an inappropriate contour to use.



Let's pick a contour similar to the one seen in this example.



We pick the branch cut on $[-1,1]$ on the real line such that



begin{align}
1+z &= r_1e^{iphi_1}, & phi_1 in (-pi,pi] \
1-z &= r_2e^{iphi_2}, & phi_2 in (0,2pi)
end{align}



The contour consists of:





  • $C_1$: a line segment just above the branch cut going from $1+epsilon$ to $-1+epsilon$,


  • $C_2$: a left semicircle $z = -1 +epsilon e^{it}$, going counter-clockwise from $-1+epsilon$ to $-1-epsilon$


  • $C_3$: a line segment just below the branch cut, going from $-1-epsilon$ to $1-epsilon$


  • $C_4$: a right semicircle $z = 1 + epsilon e^{it}$, going counterclockwise from $1-epsilon$ to $1+epsilon$




In the limit of $epsilon to 0$, we have



$$ f(z)big|_{C_1} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}e^{i0/2}sqrt{|1-z|}e^{i2pi/2}} = frac{-1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}sqrt{|1-z|}} $$



$$ f(z)big|_{C_3} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}e^{-i0/2}sqrt{|1-z|}e^{i0/2}} = frac{1}{(z^2+1)sqrt{|1+z|}sqrt{|1-z|}} $$



$$ implies int_{C_1} f(z) dz + int_{C_3} f(z) dz = -int_1^{-1} f(x) dx + int_{-1}^1 f(x) dx = 2int_{-1}^1 f(x) dx $$





Next, we can prove the integral vanishes on the 2 semicircles. Using the ML inequality



$$ int_{C_2} f(z) dz le frac{L(C_2)}{|1+z^2|sqrt{|1-z|}sqrt{|1+z|}} le frac{pi epsilon}{2sqrt{2}sqrt{epsilon}} to 0 $$



Since $|z| ge 1$ and $|1-z| ge 2$



$$ int_{C_4} f(z) dz le frac{L(C_4)}{|1+z^2|sqrt{|1-z|}sqrt{|1+z|}} le frac{pi epsilon}{2sqrt{2}sqrt{epsilon}} to 0 $$



Since $|z| ge 1$ and $|1+z| ge 2$





Finally, use residues to finish the rest. You may also need to find the residue at infinity.







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share|cite|improve this answer



share|cite|improve this answer










answered Dec 5 '18 at 10:07









DylanDylan

12.4k31026




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  • $begingroup$
    Thanks for an answer,I will need some time and patience to understand it
    $endgroup$
    – Join_PhD
    Dec 5 '18 at 10:09


















  • $begingroup$
    Thanks for an answer,I will need some time and patience to understand it
    $endgroup$
    – Join_PhD
    Dec 5 '18 at 10:09
















$begingroup$
Thanks for an answer,I will need some time and patience to understand it
$endgroup$
– Join_PhD
Dec 5 '18 at 10:09




$begingroup$
Thanks for an answer,I will need some time and patience to understand it
$endgroup$
– Join_PhD
Dec 5 '18 at 10:09


















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