Upper bound for certain number of colorings of $(2k,k^2)$-graph $G$











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Let $G$ be a graph with $2k$ vertices and $k^2$ edges, $kgeq 1$, such that $G$ contains $K_{k-i, k+i}$ as a subgraph, where $0leq i leq k-1$.



Suppose that the complete bipartite subgraph $K_{k-i, k+i}$ has a bipartition $A_1cup A_2$, where $|A_1|=k-i$ and $|A_2|=k+i$. We define
$$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)={ text{$5$-(vertex) colorings of $G$ such that every vertex of $A_1$ is color $1$ or $2$ and every vertex of $A_2$ is color $3,4$, or $5$} }.$$



I want to show that for any such graph $G$ we have
$$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5) leq 6^k.$$



***If for whatever reason the bound $6^k$ is too small, I am also content with obtaining an upper bound of $6^k+ o(6^k)$.



I thought that perhaps I could prove this claim by induction on $0leq ileq k-i$. One nice observation I have made is that the parameter $P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)$ satisfies a deletion-contraction identity, just as the chromatic polynomial does. That is,
$$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)=P(G-e, A_1, A_2, 5)-P(G/e, A_1, A_2, 5),$$
for any $ein E(G)$.



Alright, so here is my base case: Suppose $i=1$. Then $K_{k-1,k+1}$ is a subgraph of $G$ which means that there is one edge $e$ in $G$ whose vertex ends are both in $A_1$ or both in $A_2$.



Case 1: Both ends of $e$ are in $A_1$.



We have
$$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)=P(G-e, A_1, A_2, 5)-P(G/e, A_1, A_2, 5)$$
$$=2^{k-1}3^{k+1}-2^{k-2}3^{k+1} $$
$$=2^{k-2}3^{k+1}=6^k(3/4)<6^k.$$



Case 2: Both ends of $e$ are in $A_2$.



We have
$$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)=P(G-e, A_1, A_2, 5)-P(G/e, A_1, A_2, 5)$$
$$=2^{k-1}3^{k+1}-2^{k-1}3^{k} $$
$$=2^{k-1}3^{k}(3-1)=6^k.$$



Thus, the bound holds when $i=1$.



I am struggling a lot with the inductive case. If I know that $K_{k-i, k+i}$ is a subgraph of $G$ then there are $i^2$ edges in $G$ that are not in $K_{k-i, k+i}$. Each of these edges must have both ends in $A_1$ or in $A_2$. I can't seem to get the inductive hypothesis to "pop out".



Any help is immensely appreciated. Thank you.










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    Let $G$ be a graph with $2k$ vertices and $k^2$ edges, $kgeq 1$, such that $G$ contains $K_{k-i, k+i}$ as a subgraph, where $0leq i leq k-1$.



    Suppose that the complete bipartite subgraph $K_{k-i, k+i}$ has a bipartition $A_1cup A_2$, where $|A_1|=k-i$ and $|A_2|=k+i$. We define
    $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)={ text{$5$-(vertex) colorings of $G$ such that every vertex of $A_1$ is color $1$ or $2$ and every vertex of $A_2$ is color $3,4$, or $5$} }.$$



    I want to show that for any such graph $G$ we have
    $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5) leq 6^k.$$



    ***If for whatever reason the bound $6^k$ is too small, I am also content with obtaining an upper bound of $6^k+ o(6^k)$.



    I thought that perhaps I could prove this claim by induction on $0leq ileq k-i$. One nice observation I have made is that the parameter $P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)$ satisfies a deletion-contraction identity, just as the chromatic polynomial does. That is,
    $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)=P(G-e, A_1, A_2, 5)-P(G/e, A_1, A_2, 5),$$
    for any $ein E(G)$.



    Alright, so here is my base case: Suppose $i=1$. Then $K_{k-1,k+1}$ is a subgraph of $G$ which means that there is one edge $e$ in $G$ whose vertex ends are both in $A_1$ or both in $A_2$.



    Case 1: Both ends of $e$ are in $A_1$.



    We have
    $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)=P(G-e, A_1, A_2, 5)-P(G/e, A_1, A_2, 5)$$
    $$=2^{k-1}3^{k+1}-2^{k-2}3^{k+1} $$
    $$=2^{k-2}3^{k+1}=6^k(3/4)<6^k.$$



    Case 2: Both ends of $e$ are in $A_2$.



    We have
    $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)=P(G-e, A_1, A_2, 5)-P(G/e, A_1, A_2, 5)$$
    $$=2^{k-1}3^{k+1}-2^{k-1}3^{k} $$
    $$=2^{k-1}3^{k}(3-1)=6^k.$$



    Thus, the bound holds when $i=1$.



    I am struggling a lot with the inductive case. If I know that $K_{k-i, k+i}$ is a subgraph of $G$ then there are $i^2$ edges in $G$ that are not in $K_{k-i, k+i}$. Each of these edges must have both ends in $A_1$ or in $A_2$. I can't seem to get the inductive hypothesis to "pop out".



    Any help is immensely appreciated. Thank you.










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      Let $G$ be a graph with $2k$ vertices and $k^2$ edges, $kgeq 1$, such that $G$ contains $K_{k-i, k+i}$ as a subgraph, where $0leq i leq k-1$.



      Suppose that the complete bipartite subgraph $K_{k-i, k+i}$ has a bipartition $A_1cup A_2$, where $|A_1|=k-i$ and $|A_2|=k+i$. We define
      $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)={ text{$5$-(vertex) colorings of $G$ such that every vertex of $A_1$ is color $1$ or $2$ and every vertex of $A_2$ is color $3,4$, or $5$} }.$$



      I want to show that for any such graph $G$ we have
      $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5) leq 6^k.$$



      ***If for whatever reason the bound $6^k$ is too small, I am also content with obtaining an upper bound of $6^k+ o(6^k)$.



      I thought that perhaps I could prove this claim by induction on $0leq ileq k-i$. One nice observation I have made is that the parameter $P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)$ satisfies a deletion-contraction identity, just as the chromatic polynomial does. That is,
      $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)=P(G-e, A_1, A_2, 5)-P(G/e, A_1, A_2, 5),$$
      for any $ein E(G)$.



      Alright, so here is my base case: Suppose $i=1$. Then $K_{k-1,k+1}$ is a subgraph of $G$ which means that there is one edge $e$ in $G$ whose vertex ends are both in $A_1$ or both in $A_2$.



      Case 1: Both ends of $e$ are in $A_1$.



      We have
      $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)=P(G-e, A_1, A_2, 5)-P(G/e, A_1, A_2, 5)$$
      $$=2^{k-1}3^{k+1}-2^{k-2}3^{k+1} $$
      $$=2^{k-2}3^{k+1}=6^k(3/4)<6^k.$$



      Case 2: Both ends of $e$ are in $A_2$.



      We have
      $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)=P(G-e, A_1, A_2, 5)-P(G/e, A_1, A_2, 5)$$
      $$=2^{k-1}3^{k+1}-2^{k-1}3^{k} $$
      $$=2^{k-1}3^{k}(3-1)=6^k.$$



      Thus, the bound holds when $i=1$.



      I am struggling a lot with the inductive case. If I know that $K_{k-i, k+i}$ is a subgraph of $G$ then there are $i^2$ edges in $G$ that are not in $K_{k-i, k+i}$. Each of these edges must have both ends in $A_1$ or in $A_2$. I can't seem to get the inductive hypothesis to "pop out".



      Any help is immensely appreciated. Thank you.










      share|cite|improve this question















      Let $G$ be a graph with $2k$ vertices and $k^2$ edges, $kgeq 1$, such that $G$ contains $K_{k-i, k+i}$ as a subgraph, where $0leq i leq k-1$.



      Suppose that the complete bipartite subgraph $K_{k-i, k+i}$ has a bipartition $A_1cup A_2$, where $|A_1|=k-i$ and $|A_2|=k+i$. We define
      $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)={ text{$5$-(vertex) colorings of $G$ such that every vertex of $A_1$ is color $1$ or $2$ and every vertex of $A_2$ is color $3,4$, or $5$} }.$$



      I want to show that for any such graph $G$ we have
      $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5) leq 6^k.$$



      ***If for whatever reason the bound $6^k$ is too small, I am also content with obtaining an upper bound of $6^k+ o(6^k)$.



      I thought that perhaps I could prove this claim by induction on $0leq ileq k-i$. One nice observation I have made is that the parameter $P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)$ satisfies a deletion-contraction identity, just as the chromatic polynomial does. That is,
      $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)=P(G-e, A_1, A_2, 5)-P(G/e, A_1, A_2, 5),$$
      for any $ein E(G)$.



      Alright, so here is my base case: Suppose $i=1$. Then $K_{k-1,k+1}$ is a subgraph of $G$ which means that there is one edge $e$ in $G$ whose vertex ends are both in $A_1$ or both in $A_2$.



      Case 1: Both ends of $e$ are in $A_1$.



      We have
      $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)=P(G-e, A_1, A_2, 5)-P(G/e, A_1, A_2, 5)$$
      $$=2^{k-1}3^{k+1}-2^{k-2}3^{k+1} $$
      $$=2^{k-2}3^{k+1}=6^k(3/4)<6^k.$$



      Case 2: Both ends of $e$ are in $A_2$.



      We have
      $$P(G, A_1, A_2, 5)=P(G-e, A_1, A_2, 5)-P(G/e, A_1, A_2, 5)$$
      $$=2^{k-1}3^{k+1}-2^{k-1}3^{k} $$
      $$=2^{k-1}3^{k}(3-1)=6^k.$$



      Thus, the bound holds when $i=1$.



      I am struggling a lot with the inductive case. If I know that $K_{k-i, k+i}$ is a subgraph of $G$ then there are $i^2$ edges in $G$ that are not in $K_{k-i, k+i}$. Each of these edges must have both ends in $A_1$ or in $A_2$. I can't seem to get the inductive hypothesis to "pop out".



      Any help is immensely appreciated. Thank you.







      combinatorics discrete-mathematics graph-theory extremal-combinatorics






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      edited Nov 20 at 22:33

























      asked Nov 20 at 20:10









      Sarah

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