Finding this Power Series's Interval of Convergence
$begingroup$
We consider the power series $sum_{n=1}^{infty} a_nx^n$ where $a_n = frac{2^k}{k}$ if $n$ is even, and $0$ otherwise.
I understand how to find that this series has radius of convergence $R = frac{1}{sqrt{2}}$. What I don't understand is how to now find its interval of convergence. I know I'm supposed to plug $R$ into $x$ in the power series, but I'm having trouble moving on from there.
real-analysis
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
We consider the power series $sum_{n=1}^{infty} a_nx^n$ where $a_n = frac{2^k}{k}$ if $n$ is even, and $0$ otherwise.
I understand how to find that this series has radius of convergence $R = frac{1}{sqrt{2}}$. What I don't understand is how to now find its interval of convergence. I know I'm supposed to plug $R$ into $x$ in the power series, but I'm having trouble moving on from there.
real-analysis
$endgroup$
1
$begingroup$
What's $k$? Is it perhaps $k=n/2$ when $n$ is even?
$endgroup$
– egreg
Dec 11 '18 at 23:35
add a comment |
$begingroup$
We consider the power series $sum_{n=1}^{infty} a_nx^n$ where $a_n = frac{2^k}{k}$ if $n$ is even, and $0$ otherwise.
I understand how to find that this series has radius of convergence $R = frac{1}{sqrt{2}}$. What I don't understand is how to now find its interval of convergence. I know I'm supposed to plug $R$ into $x$ in the power series, but I'm having trouble moving on from there.
real-analysis
$endgroup$
We consider the power series $sum_{n=1}^{infty} a_nx^n$ where $a_n = frac{2^k}{k}$ if $n$ is even, and $0$ otherwise.
I understand how to find that this series has radius of convergence $R = frac{1}{sqrt{2}}$. What I don't understand is how to now find its interval of convergence. I know I'm supposed to plug $R$ into $x$ in the power series, but I'm having trouble moving on from there.
real-analysis
real-analysis
asked Dec 11 '18 at 23:17
JakeJake
646
646
1
$begingroup$
What's $k$? Is it perhaps $k=n/2$ when $n$ is even?
$endgroup$
– egreg
Dec 11 '18 at 23:35
add a comment |
1
$begingroup$
What's $k$? Is it perhaps $k=n/2$ when $n$ is even?
$endgroup$
– egreg
Dec 11 '18 at 23:35
1
1
$begingroup$
What's $k$? Is it perhaps $k=n/2$ when $n$ is even?
$endgroup$
– egreg
Dec 11 '18 at 23:35
$begingroup$
What's $k$? Is it perhaps $k=n/2$ when $n$ is even?
$endgroup$
– egreg
Dec 11 '18 at 23:35
add a comment |
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
I assume that
$$
a_n=begin{cases}
dfrac{2^k}{k} & text{if $n=2k$ is even} \[4px]
0 & text{if $n$ is odd}
end{cases}
$$
Then you can rewrite your series as
$$
f(x)=sum_{k=1}^{infty} frac{2^k}{k}x^{2k}
$$
Apply the ratio test (for $xne0$):
$$
left|frac{2^{k+1}x^{2k+2}/(k+1)}{2^kx^{2k}/k}right|=frac{2(k+1)}{k}|x^2|
$$
which has limit $2|x^2|=2x^2$. We know that the series converges when the limit is $<1$ and diverges when the limit is $>1$, so the series converges for
$$
2x^2<1
$$
that is, $-1/sqrt{2}<x<1/sqrt{2}$. The radius of convergence is thus $1/sqrt{2}$.
Hadamard's criterion says that the radius of convergence is
$$
limsup_{ntoinfty}sqrt[n]{a_n}
$$
which is usually more complicated to compute. But when the ratio test or the root test is successful, the radius of convergence can be determined more easily.
If you consider
$$
g(y)=sum_{k=1}^{infty}frac{2^k}{k}y^k
$$
which has radius of convergence $1/2$, then, for $|y|<1/2$,
$$
g'(y)=sum_{k=1}^infty 2^ky^{k-1}=2sum_{k=0}^infty (2y)^k=frac{2}{1-2y}
$$
(geometric series).
It follows that
$$
g(y)=-log(1-2y)+c
$$
Since $g(0)=0$, we conclude $g(y)=-log(1-2y)$. Therefore your series can be summed as well, because $f(x)=g(x^2)$, yielding
$$
f(x)=-log(1-2x^2)
$$
The series converges only on $(-1/sqrt{2},1/sqrt{2})$.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The interval of convergence is $(c-R, c+R)$, where $c$ is the center of the series and $R$ is the radius of convergence. The series may also converge at $R$ or $-R$, which you have to check independently. Your series is centered at $0$.
Edit: Why? A power series will always converge at $c$ (the sum will just be $a_0$). Now if the series converges elsewhere, then $exists r in (0,infty)$ s.t. the series converges whenever $|x-c|<r$ and diverges otherwise. This is stated here.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
In this case it's $(c - R, c + R)$, though, since the power series diverges for $x = pm frac{1}{sqrt{2}}$. I'm having trouble understanding why this is true.
$endgroup$
– Jake
Dec 11 '18 at 23:21
$begingroup$
@Jake see my edit
$endgroup$
– Dando18
Dec 11 '18 at 23:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
By what Frenchmen call Abel’s lemma (I do not know about other countries), the interval of convergence is the set of all $x$ such that the power series converges. It is contained in $[-R,R]$ and contains $(-R,R)$.
So you just have to check whether the series converges for $x=R$ and $x=-R$.
Edit: On the other hand, you might want to check your computations, because, as is, $R=1/2$.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
Your Answer
StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
});
});
}, "mathjax-editing");
StackExchange.ready(function() {
var channelOptions = {
tags: "".split(" "),
id: "69"
};
initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);
StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
// Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
createEditor();
});
}
else {
createEditor();
}
});
function createEditor() {
StackExchange.prepareEditor({
heartbeatType: 'answer',
autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
convertImagesToLinks: true,
noModals: true,
showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
reputationToPostImages: 10,
bindNavPrevention: true,
postfix: "",
imageUploader: {
brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
allowUrls: true
},
noCode: true, onDemand: true,
discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
});
}
});
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3035984%2ffinding-this-power-seriess-interval-of-convergence%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
3 Answers
3
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
I assume that
$$
a_n=begin{cases}
dfrac{2^k}{k} & text{if $n=2k$ is even} \[4px]
0 & text{if $n$ is odd}
end{cases}
$$
Then you can rewrite your series as
$$
f(x)=sum_{k=1}^{infty} frac{2^k}{k}x^{2k}
$$
Apply the ratio test (for $xne0$):
$$
left|frac{2^{k+1}x^{2k+2}/(k+1)}{2^kx^{2k}/k}right|=frac{2(k+1)}{k}|x^2|
$$
which has limit $2|x^2|=2x^2$. We know that the series converges when the limit is $<1$ and diverges when the limit is $>1$, so the series converges for
$$
2x^2<1
$$
that is, $-1/sqrt{2}<x<1/sqrt{2}$. The radius of convergence is thus $1/sqrt{2}$.
Hadamard's criterion says that the radius of convergence is
$$
limsup_{ntoinfty}sqrt[n]{a_n}
$$
which is usually more complicated to compute. But when the ratio test or the root test is successful, the radius of convergence can be determined more easily.
If you consider
$$
g(y)=sum_{k=1}^{infty}frac{2^k}{k}y^k
$$
which has radius of convergence $1/2$, then, for $|y|<1/2$,
$$
g'(y)=sum_{k=1}^infty 2^ky^{k-1}=2sum_{k=0}^infty (2y)^k=frac{2}{1-2y}
$$
(geometric series).
It follows that
$$
g(y)=-log(1-2y)+c
$$
Since $g(0)=0$, we conclude $g(y)=-log(1-2y)$. Therefore your series can be summed as well, because $f(x)=g(x^2)$, yielding
$$
f(x)=-log(1-2x^2)
$$
The series converges only on $(-1/sqrt{2},1/sqrt{2})$.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I assume that
$$
a_n=begin{cases}
dfrac{2^k}{k} & text{if $n=2k$ is even} \[4px]
0 & text{if $n$ is odd}
end{cases}
$$
Then you can rewrite your series as
$$
f(x)=sum_{k=1}^{infty} frac{2^k}{k}x^{2k}
$$
Apply the ratio test (for $xne0$):
$$
left|frac{2^{k+1}x^{2k+2}/(k+1)}{2^kx^{2k}/k}right|=frac{2(k+1)}{k}|x^2|
$$
which has limit $2|x^2|=2x^2$. We know that the series converges when the limit is $<1$ and diverges when the limit is $>1$, so the series converges for
$$
2x^2<1
$$
that is, $-1/sqrt{2}<x<1/sqrt{2}$. The radius of convergence is thus $1/sqrt{2}$.
Hadamard's criterion says that the radius of convergence is
$$
limsup_{ntoinfty}sqrt[n]{a_n}
$$
which is usually more complicated to compute. But when the ratio test or the root test is successful, the radius of convergence can be determined more easily.
If you consider
$$
g(y)=sum_{k=1}^{infty}frac{2^k}{k}y^k
$$
which has radius of convergence $1/2$, then, for $|y|<1/2$,
$$
g'(y)=sum_{k=1}^infty 2^ky^{k-1}=2sum_{k=0}^infty (2y)^k=frac{2}{1-2y}
$$
(geometric series).
It follows that
$$
g(y)=-log(1-2y)+c
$$
Since $g(0)=0$, we conclude $g(y)=-log(1-2y)$. Therefore your series can be summed as well, because $f(x)=g(x^2)$, yielding
$$
f(x)=-log(1-2x^2)
$$
The series converges only on $(-1/sqrt{2},1/sqrt{2})$.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I assume that
$$
a_n=begin{cases}
dfrac{2^k}{k} & text{if $n=2k$ is even} \[4px]
0 & text{if $n$ is odd}
end{cases}
$$
Then you can rewrite your series as
$$
f(x)=sum_{k=1}^{infty} frac{2^k}{k}x^{2k}
$$
Apply the ratio test (for $xne0$):
$$
left|frac{2^{k+1}x^{2k+2}/(k+1)}{2^kx^{2k}/k}right|=frac{2(k+1)}{k}|x^2|
$$
which has limit $2|x^2|=2x^2$. We know that the series converges when the limit is $<1$ and diverges when the limit is $>1$, so the series converges for
$$
2x^2<1
$$
that is, $-1/sqrt{2}<x<1/sqrt{2}$. The radius of convergence is thus $1/sqrt{2}$.
Hadamard's criterion says that the radius of convergence is
$$
limsup_{ntoinfty}sqrt[n]{a_n}
$$
which is usually more complicated to compute. But when the ratio test or the root test is successful, the radius of convergence can be determined more easily.
If you consider
$$
g(y)=sum_{k=1}^{infty}frac{2^k}{k}y^k
$$
which has radius of convergence $1/2$, then, for $|y|<1/2$,
$$
g'(y)=sum_{k=1}^infty 2^ky^{k-1}=2sum_{k=0}^infty (2y)^k=frac{2}{1-2y}
$$
(geometric series).
It follows that
$$
g(y)=-log(1-2y)+c
$$
Since $g(0)=0$, we conclude $g(y)=-log(1-2y)$. Therefore your series can be summed as well, because $f(x)=g(x^2)$, yielding
$$
f(x)=-log(1-2x^2)
$$
The series converges only on $(-1/sqrt{2},1/sqrt{2})$.
$endgroup$
I assume that
$$
a_n=begin{cases}
dfrac{2^k}{k} & text{if $n=2k$ is even} \[4px]
0 & text{if $n$ is odd}
end{cases}
$$
Then you can rewrite your series as
$$
f(x)=sum_{k=1}^{infty} frac{2^k}{k}x^{2k}
$$
Apply the ratio test (for $xne0$):
$$
left|frac{2^{k+1}x^{2k+2}/(k+1)}{2^kx^{2k}/k}right|=frac{2(k+1)}{k}|x^2|
$$
which has limit $2|x^2|=2x^2$. We know that the series converges when the limit is $<1$ and diverges when the limit is $>1$, so the series converges for
$$
2x^2<1
$$
that is, $-1/sqrt{2}<x<1/sqrt{2}$. The radius of convergence is thus $1/sqrt{2}$.
Hadamard's criterion says that the radius of convergence is
$$
limsup_{ntoinfty}sqrt[n]{a_n}
$$
which is usually more complicated to compute. But when the ratio test or the root test is successful, the radius of convergence can be determined more easily.
If you consider
$$
g(y)=sum_{k=1}^{infty}frac{2^k}{k}y^k
$$
which has radius of convergence $1/2$, then, for $|y|<1/2$,
$$
g'(y)=sum_{k=1}^infty 2^ky^{k-1}=2sum_{k=0}^infty (2y)^k=frac{2}{1-2y}
$$
(geometric series).
It follows that
$$
g(y)=-log(1-2y)+c
$$
Since $g(0)=0$, we conclude $g(y)=-log(1-2y)$. Therefore your series can be summed as well, because $f(x)=g(x^2)$, yielding
$$
f(x)=-log(1-2x^2)
$$
The series converges only on $(-1/sqrt{2},1/sqrt{2})$.
answered Dec 11 '18 at 23:51
egregegreg
181k1485203
181k1485203
add a comment |
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The interval of convergence is $(c-R, c+R)$, where $c$ is the center of the series and $R$ is the radius of convergence. The series may also converge at $R$ or $-R$, which you have to check independently. Your series is centered at $0$.
Edit: Why? A power series will always converge at $c$ (the sum will just be $a_0$). Now if the series converges elsewhere, then $exists r in (0,infty)$ s.t. the series converges whenever $|x-c|<r$ and diverges otherwise. This is stated here.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
In this case it's $(c - R, c + R)$, though, since the power series diverges for $x = pm frac{1}{sqrt{2}}$. I'm having trouble understanding why this is true.
$endgroup$
– Jake
Dec 11 '18 at 23:21
$begingroup$
@Jake see my edit
$endgroup$
– Dando18
Dec 11 '18 at 23:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The interval of convergence is $(c-R, c+R)$, where $c$ is the center of the series and $R$ is the radius of convergence. The series may also converge at $R$ or $-R$, which you have to check independently. Your series is centered at $0$.
Edit: Why? A power series will always converge at $c$ (the sum will just be $a_0$). Now if the series converges elsewhere, then $exists r in (0,infty)$ s.t. the series converges whenever $|x-c|<r$ and diverges otherwise. This is stated here.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
In this case it's $(c - R, c + R)$, though, since the power series diverges for $x = pm frac{1}{sqrt{2}}$. I'm having trouble understanding why this is true.
$endgroup$
– Jake
Dec 11 '18 at 23:21
$begingroup$
@Jake see my edit
$endgroup$
– Dando18
Dec 11 '18 at 23:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
The interval of convergence is $(c-R, c+R)$, where $c$ is the center of the series and $R$ is the radius of convergence. The series may also converge at $R$ or $-R$, which you have to check independently. Your series is centered at $0$.
Edit: Why? A power series will always converge at $c$ (the sum will just be $a_0$). Now if the series converges elsewhere, then $exists r in (0,infty)$ s.t. the series converges whenever $|x-c|<r$ and diverges otherwise. This is stated here.
$endgroup$
The interval of convergence is $(c-R, c+R)$, where $c$ is the center of the series and $R$ is the radius of convergence. The series may also converge at $R$ or $-R$, which you have to check independently. Your series is centered at $0$.
Edit: Why? A power series will always converge at $c$ (the sum will just be $a_0$). Now if the series converges elsewhere, then $exists r in (0,infty)$ s.t. the series converges whenever $|x-c|<r$ and diverges otherwise. This is stated here.
edited Dec 11 '18 at 23:27
answered Dec 11 '18 at 23:19
Dando18Dando18
4,67741235
4,67741235
$begingroup$
In this case it's $(c - R, c + R)$, though, since the power series diverges for $x = pm frac{1}{sqrt{2}}$. I'm having trouble understanding why this is true.
$endgroup$
– Jake
Dec 11 '18 at 23:21
$begingroup$
@Jake see my edit
$endgroup$
– Dando18
Dec 11 '18 at 23:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
In this case it's $(c - R, c + R)$, though, since the power series diverges for $x = pm frac{1}{sqrt{2}}$. I'm having trouble understanding why this is true.
$endgroup$
– Jake
Dec 11 '18 at 23:21
$begingroup$
@Jake see my edit
$endgroup$
– Dando18
Dec 11 '18 at 23:28
$begingroup$
In this case it's $(c - R, c + R)$, though, since the power series diverges for $x = pm frac{1}{sqrt{2}}$. I'm having trouble understanding why this is true.
$endgroup$
– Jake
Dec 11 '18 at 23:21
$begingroup$
In this case it's $(c - R, c + R)$, though, since the power series diverges for $x = pm frac{1}{sqrt{2}}$. I'm having trouble understanding why this is true.
$endgroup$
– Jake
Dec 11 '18 at 23:21
$begingroup$
@Jake see my edit
$endgroup$
– Dando18
Dec 11 '18 at 23:28
$begingroup$
@Jake see my edit
$endgroup$
– Dando18
Dec 11 '18 at 23:28
add a comment |
$begingroup$
By what Frenchmen call Abel’s lemma (I do not know about other countries), the interval of convergence is the set of all $x$ such that the power series converges. It is contained in $[-R,R]$ and contains $(-R,R)$.
So you just have to check whether the series converges for $x=R$ and $x=-R$.
Edit: On the other hand, you might want to check your computations, because, as is, $R=1/2$.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
By what Frenchmen call Abel’s lemma (I do not know about other countries), the interval of convergence is the set of all $x$ such that the power series converges. It is contained in $[-R,R]$ and contains $(-R,R)$.
So you just have to check whether the series converges for $x=R$ and $x=-R$.
Edit: On the other hand, you might want to check your computations, because, as is, $R=1/2$.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
By what Frenchmen call Abel’s lemma (I do not know about other countries), the interval of convergence is the set of all $x$ such that the power series converges. It is contained in $[-R,R]$ and contains $(-R,R)$.
So you just have to check whether the series converges for $x=R$ and $x=-R$.
Edit: On the other hand, you might want to check your computations, because, as is, $R=1/2$.
$endgroup$
By what Frenchmen call Abel’s lemma (I do not know about other countries), the interval of convergence is the set of all $x$ such that the power series converges. It is contained in $[-R,R]$ and contains $(-R,R)$.
So you just have to check whether the series converges for $x=R$ and $x=-R$.
Edit: On the other hand, you might want to check your computations, because, as is, $R=1/2$.
answered Dec 11 '18 at 23:27
MindlackMindlack
3,53717
3,53717
add a comment |
add a comment |
Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematics Stack Exchange!
- Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!
But avoid …
- Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.
- Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.
Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.
To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
StackExchange.ready(
function () {
StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3035984%2ffinding-this-power-seriess-interval-of-convergence%23new-answer', 'question_page');
}
);
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Sign up or log in
StackExchange.ready(function () {
StackExchange.helpers.onClickDraftSave('#login-link');
});
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Sign up using Google
Sign up using Facebook
Sign up using Email and Password
Post as a guest
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
Required, but never shown
1
$begingroup$
What's $k$? Is it perhaps $k=n/2$ when $n$ is even?
$endgroup$
– egreg
Dec 11 '18 at 23:35