Unknown Override Specifier using class template
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I am writing code for a game that features a character class with three elements that are other classes. One of these is a Backpack to hold items. The Backpack is created using another class called DynamicArray, which is basically a dynamic array that can hold other objects. I turned the dynamic array class into a class template so that the array can hold any object, and now the Backpack class is not being recognized in my Character class.
Dynamic Array Class Template:
#pragma once
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using std::ostream;
using std::endl;
#include "potions.h"
#include "character.h"
template<typename TYPE>
class DynamicArray
{
public:
// Constructors
DynamicArray();
~DynamicArray();
DynamicArray(const DynamicArray & copy);
// Op Equals
DynamicArray & operator =(const DynamicArray & rhs);
// Getters
int getElements();
TYPE getElement(int index);
// Manipulate and view contents
void Insert(const TYPE & add);
void Delete(const TYPE & rmv);
void display();
// Overloaded operators
TYPE & operator (int index);
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const DynamicArray & d);
private:
// Member variables
TYPE * m_array;
int m_elements;
// Find function
int Find(const TYPE & target);
};
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Default constructor
*
* Postcondition:
* Initializes m_array and m_elements to nullptr and 0
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE>::DynamicArray() : m_array(nullptr), m_elements(0)
{
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Destructor
*
* Postcondition:
* Delete m_array
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE>::~DynamicArray()
{
if (m_array != nullptr)
{
delete m_array;
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Copy construcxtor
*
* Postcondition:
* Take an object as an argument and copy the contents to a new object
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE>::DynamicArray(const DynamicArray & copy) : m_elements(copy.m_elements)
{
int arrSize = copy.m_elements;
m_array = new TYPE[arrSize];
for (int i = 0; i < arrSize; i++)
{
m_array[i] = copy.m_array[i];
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Op equals
*
* Postcondition:
* Perform a deep copy of one object to another using the = operator
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE> & DynamicArray<TYPE>::operator =(const DynamicArray & rhs)
{
if (this != &rhs)
{
delete m_array;
m_elements = rhs.m_elements;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
m_array[i] = rhs.m_array[i];
}
}
return *this;
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Elements getter
*
* Postcondition:
* Return the number of elements
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
int DynamicArray<TYPE>::getElements()
{
return m_elements;
}
template<typename TYPE>
TYPE DynamicArray<TYPE>::getElement(int index)
{
return m_array[index];
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Insert item into dynamic array
*
* Postcondition:
* Increment m_elements by 1
* Add a new potion to the dynamic array
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
void DynamicArray<TYPE>::Insert(const TYPE & add)
{
if (m_elements != 0)
{
TYPE * temp = new TYPE[m_elements];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
temp[i] = m_array[i];
}
delete m_array;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements + 1];
for (int i = 0; i <= m_elements; i++)
{
if (i == m_elements)
{
m_array[i] = add;
}
else
{
m_array[i] = temp[i];
}
}
delete temp;
m_elements++;
}
else
{
m_elements++;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements]{ add };
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Delete item from dynamic array
*
* Precondition: Array must contain at least one item
*
* Postcondition:
* Decrement the number of elements
* Find an item in the dynamic array
* Remove an item from the dynamic array
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
void DynamicArray<TYPE>::Delete(const TYPE & rmv)
{
if (m_elements != 0)
{
int index = Find(rmv);
if (index != -1)
{
TYPE * temp = new TYPE[(m_elements - 1)];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
if (i < index)
{
temp[i] = m_array[i];
}
else if (i > index)
{
temp[(i - 1)] = m_array[i];
}
}
delete m_array;
m_elements--;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
m_array[i] = temp[i];
}
delete temp;
}
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Display the elements of the array
*
* Postcondition:
* Send the array elements out to the console
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
void DynamicArray<TYPE>::display()
{
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
m_array[i].display();
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Overloaded subscript operator
*
* Postcondition:
* Return the array object given by the index
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
TYPE & DynamicArray<TYPE>::operator (int index)
{
return m_array[index];
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Overloaded Stream Insertion Operator
*
* Postcondition: Overloads the stream insertion operator in order to
* output the contents of the character using cout
*
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const DynamicArray<TYPE> & d)
{
for (int i = 0; i < d.m_elements; i++)
{
out << d.m_array[i] << endl;
}
return out;
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Find an item in the dynamic array
*
* Postcondition:
* Return the index of the found item
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
int DynamicArray<TYPE>::Find(const TYPE & target)
{
int found = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
if (m_array[i] == target)
{
found = i;
}
}
return found;
}
Backpack.h File
#pragma once
#include "dynamicarray.h"
#include "coinPouch.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "potions.h"
class Backpack
{
public:
// Constructors
Backpack();
Backpack(DynamicArray<Potion> potions);
Backpack(const Backpack & copy);
~Backpack();
// Overloaded operators
Backpack & operator = (const Backpack & rhs);
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const Backpack & c);
// Manipulate and view contents
void addPotion(const Potion & add);
void usePotion(const Potion & rm);
void displayContents();
// Getters
int getNumber();
DynamicArray<Potion> getPotions();
Potion getPotion(int index);
private:
DynamicArray<Potion> m_potions;
int m_number;
};
Character.h File
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
using std::ostream;
#include "string.h"
#include "coinPouch.h"
#include "backpack.h"
#include "dynamicarray.h"
#include "potions.h"
class Character
{
public:
// Constructors
Character();
Character(String name);
Character(String name, CoinPouch wallet, Backpack storage);
Character(const Character & copy);
// Destructor
~Character();
// Overloaded operators
Character & operator =(const Character & rhs);
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const Character & c);
// Manipulate and display contents
void purchase(int p, int g, int s, int c);
void income(int p, int g, int s, int c);
void addPotion(const Potion & toAdd);
void checkBalance();
void checkBackpack();
void changeName(const String & newN);
void display();
// Getters and setters
String getName();
CoinPouch getWallet();
Backpack getStorage();
void setName(String name);
void setWallet(CoinPouch wallet);
void setStorage(Backpack storage);
// Random Number Generator
int randomNum();
private:
String m_name;
CoinPouch m_wallet;
Backpack m_storage;
};
Errors:
Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State
Error C4430 missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 49
Error C3646 'm_storage': unknown override specifier cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 49
Error C2061 syntax error: identifier 'Backpack' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 41
Error C2059 syntax error: '(' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 38
Error C2238 unexpected token(s) preceding ';' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 38
Error C3646 'getStorage': unknown override specifier cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 38
Error C2061 syntax error: identifier 'Backpack' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 16
I'm just starting out with class templates and not sure what to expect. Been trying to figure this out for a while, any help is appreciated. Thanks!
EDIT: I believe the issue was circular dependency, and I think that I fixed that by removing the Character.h and Potions.h include in the Dynamic Array Class. That was the only thing I changed. Now I am receiving this error:
Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State
Error LNK2019 unresolved external symbol "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class DynamicArray<class Potion> const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABV?$DynamicArray@VPotion@@@@@Z) referenced in function "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class Backpack const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABVBackpack@@@Z) cst136_lab1_ehayes C:UsersElijah HayesDocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayesbackpack.obj 1 c++ class object templates
asked Nov 26 '18 at 23:55
empoweredevempoweredev
177
|
show 7 more comments
0
I am writing code for a game that features a character class with three elements that are other classes. One of these is a Backpack to hold items. The Backpack is created using another class called DynamicArray, which is basically a dynamic array that can hold other objects. I turned the dynamic array class into a class template so that the array can hold any object, and now the Backpack class is not being recognized in my Character class.
Dynamic Array Class Template:
#pragma once
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using std::ostream;
using std::endl;
#include "potions.h"
#include "character.h"
template<typename TYPE>
class DynamicArray
{
public:
// Constructors
DynamicArray();
~DynamicArray();
DynamicArray(const DynamicArray & copy);
// Op Equals
DynamicArray & operator =(const DynamicArray & rhs);
// Getters
int getElements();
TYPE getElement(int index);
// Manipulate and view contents
void Insert(const TYPE & add);
void Delete(const TYPE & rmv);
void display();
// Overloaded operators
TYPE & operator (int index);
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const DynamicArray & d);
private:
// Member variables
TYPE * m_array;
int m_elements;
// Find function
int Find(const TYPE & target);
};
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Default constructor
*
* Postcondition:
* Initializes m_array and m_elements to nullptr and 0
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE>::DynamicArray() : m_array(nullptr), m_elements(0)
{
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Destructor
*
* Postcondition:
* Delete m_array
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE>::~DynamicArray()
{
if (m_array != nullptr)
{
delete m_array;
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Copy construcxtor
*
* Postcondition:
* Take an object as an argument and copy the contents to a new object
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE>::DynamicArray(const DynamicArray & copy) : m_elements(copy.m_elements)
{
int arrSize = copy.m_elements;
m_array = new TYPE[arrSize];
for (int i = 0; i < arrSize; i++)
{
m_array[i] = copy.m_array[i];
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Op equals
*
* Postcondition:
* Perform a deep copy of one object to another using the = operator
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE> & DynamicArray<TYPE>::operator =(const DynamicArray & rhs)
{
if (this != &rhs)
{
delete m_array;
m_elements = rhs.m_elements;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
m_array[i] = rhs.m_array[i];
}
}
return *this;
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Elements getter
*
* Postcondition:
* Return the number of elements
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
int DynamicArray<TYPE>::getElements()
{
return m_elements;
}
template<typename TYPE>
TYPE DynamicArray<TYPE>::getElement(int index)
{
return m_array[index];
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Insert item into dynamic array
*
* Postcondition:
* Increment m_elements by 1
* Add a new potion to the dynamic array
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
void DynamicArray<TYPE>::Insert(const TYPE & add)
{
if (m_elements != 0)
{
TYPE * temp = new TYPE[m_elements];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
temp[i] = m_array[i];
}
delete m_array;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements + 1];
for (int i = 0; i <= m_elements; i++)
{
if (i == m_elements)
{
m_array[i] = add;
}
else
{
m_array[i] = temp[i];
}
}
delete temp;
m_elements++;
}
else
{
m_elements++;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements]{ add };
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Delete item from dynamic array
*
* Precondition: Array must contain at least one item
*
* Postcondition:
* Decrement the number of elements
* Find an item in the dynamic array
* Remove an item from the dynamic array
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
void DynamicArray<TYPE>::Delete(const TYPE & rmv)
{
if (m_elements != 0)
{
int index = Find(rmv);
if (index != -1)
{
TYPE * temp = new TYPE[(m_elements - 1)];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
if (i < index)
{
temp[i] = m_array[i];
}
else if (i > index)
{
temp[(i - 1)] = m_array[i];
}
}
delete m_array;
m_elements--;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
m_array[i] = temp[i];
}
delete temp;
}
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Display the elements of the array
*
* Postcondition:
* Send the array elements out to the console
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
void DynamicArray<TYPE>::display()
{
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
m_array[i].display();
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Overloaded subscript operator
*
* Postcondition:
* Return the array object given by the index
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
TYPE & DynamicArray<TYPE>::operator (int index)
{
return m_array[index];
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Overloaded Stream Insertion Operator
*
* Postcondition: Overloads the stream insertion operator in order to
* output the contents of the character using cout
*
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const DynamicArray<TYPE> & d)
{
for (int i = 0; i < d.m_elements; i++)
{
out << d.m_array[i] << endl;
}
return out;
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Find an item in the dynamic array
*
* Postcondition:
* Return the index of the found item
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
int DynamicArray<TYPE>::Find(const TYPE & target)
{
int found = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
if (m_array[i] == target)
{
found = i;
}
}
return found;
}
Backpack.h File
#pragma once
#include "dynamicarray.h"
#include "coinPouch.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "potions.h"
class Backpack
{
public:
// Constructors
Backpack();
Backpack(DynamicArray<Potion> potions);
Backpack(const Backpack & copy);
~Backpack();
// Overloaded operators
Backpack & operator = (const Backpack & rhs);
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const Backpack & c);
// Manipulate and view contents
void addPotion(const Potion & add);
void usePotion(const Potion & rm);
void displayContents();
// Getters
int getNumber();
DynamicArray<Potion> getPotions();
Potion getPotion(int index);
private:
DynamicArray<Potion> m_potions;
int m_number;
};
Character.h File
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
using std::ostream;
#include "string.h"
#include "coinPouch.h"
#include "backpack.h"
#include "dynamicarray.h"
#include "potions.h"
class Character
{
public:
// Constructors
Character();
Character(String name);
Character(String name, CoinPouch wallet, Backpack storage);
Character(const Character & copy);
// Destructor
~Character();
// Overloaded operators
Character & operator =(const Character & rhs);
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const Character & c);
// Manipulate and display contents
void purchase(int p, int g, int s, int c);
void income(int p, int g, int s, int c);
void addPotion(const Potion & toAdd);
void checkBalance();
void checkBackpack();
void changeName(const String & newN);
void display();
// Getters and setters
String getName();
CoinPouch getWallet();
Backpack getStorage();
void setName(String name);
void setWallet(CoinPouch wallet);
void setStorage(Backpack storage);
// Random Number Generator
int randomNum();
private:
String m_name;
CoinPouch m_wallet;
Backpack m_storage;
};
Errors:
Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State
Error C4430 missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 49
Error C3646 'm_storage': unknown override specifier cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 49
Error C2061 syntax error: identifier 'Backpack' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 41
Error C2059 syntax error: '(' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 38
Error C2238 unexpected token(s) preceding ';' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 38
Error C3646 'getStorage': unknown override specifier cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 38
Error C2061 syntax error: identifier 'Backpack' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 16
I'm just starting out with class templates and not sure what to expect. Been trying to figure this out for a while, any help is appreciated. Thanks!
EDIT: I believe the issue was circular dependency, and I think that I fixed that by removing the Character.h and Potions.h include in the Dynamic Array Class. That was the only thing I changed. Now I am receiving this error:
Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State
Error LNK2019 unresolved external symbol "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class DynamicArray<class Potion> const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABV?$DynamicArray@VPotion@@@@@Z) referenced in function "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class Backpack const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABVBackpack@@@Z) cst136_lab1_ehayes C:UsersElijah HayesDocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayesbackpack.obj 1 c++ class object templates
asked Nov 26 '18 at 23:55
empoweredevempoweredev
177
I believe you have a circular include path.
– drescherjm
Nov 26 '18 at 23:58
1
Possible duplicate of Resolve build errors due to circular dependency amongst classes
– drescherjm
Nov 26 '18 at 23:58
Unrelated: You may find visual Studio's Output tab more useful than the Error List tab. The Error List often truncates the error message severely, limiting the information that could be available to you. In addition the Output tab is raw text and really easy to cut and paste.
– user4581301
Nov 27 '18 at 0:25
@drescherjm Thank you for the link, that makes sense. I now believe I understand circular dependency, but how is that affecting my code? Sorry, I was looking through what I had and wasn't sure where the issue was.
– empoweredev
Nov 27 '18 at 0:40
2
@empoweredev This question is unrelated and should probably be asked in a new question. Anyway this is a mistake indynamicarray.h, theoperator<<friend should be either inline or should be referring to the templated version defined later, but to do so it would need to be forward-declared before the class definition. (see "Template friend operators" in en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/friend)
– user10605163
Nov 27 '18 at 2:42
|
show 7 more comments
0
0
0
I am writing code for a game that features a character class with three elements that are other classes. One of these is a Backpack to hold items. The Backpack is created using another class called DynamicArray, which is basically a dynamic array that can hold other objects. I turned the dynamic array class into a class template so that the array can hold any object, and now the Backpack class is not being recognized in my Character class.
Dynamic Array Class Template:
#pragma once
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using std::ostream;
using std::endl;
#include "potions.h"
#include "character.h"
template<typename TYPE>
class DynamicArray
{
public:
// Constructors
DynamicArray();
~DynamicArray();
DynamicArray(const DynamicArray & copy);
// Op Equals
DynamicArray & operator =(const DynamicArray & rhs);
// Getters
int getElements();
TYPE getElement(int index);
// Manipulate and view contents
void Insert(const TYPE & add);
void Delete(const TYPE & rmv);
void display();
// Overloaded operators
TYPE & operator (int index);
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const DynamicArray & d);
private:
// Member variables
TYPE * m_array;
int m_elements;
// Find function
int Find(const TYPE & target);
};
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Default constructor
*
* Postcondition:
* Initializes m_array and m_elements to nullptr and 0
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE>::DynamicArray() : m_array(nullptr), m_elements(0)
{
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Destructor
*
* Postcondition:
* Delete m_array
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE>::~DynamicArray()
{
if (m_array != nullptr)
{
delete m_array;
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Copy construcxtor
*
* Postcondition:
* Take an object as an argument and copy the contents to a new object
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE>::DynamicArray(const DynamicArray & copy) : m_elements(copy.m_elements)
{
int arrSize = copy.m_elements;
m_array = new TYPE[arrSize];
for (int i = 0; i < arrSize; i++)
{
m_array[i] = copy.m_array[i];
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Op equals
*
* Postcondition:
* Perform a deep copy of one object to another using the = operator
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE> & DynamicArray<TYPE>::operator =(const DynamicArray & rhs)
{
if (this != &rhs)
{
delete m_array;
m_elements = rhs.m_elements;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
m_array[i] = rhs.m_array[i];
}
}
return *this;
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Elements getter
*
* Postcondition:
* Return the number of elements
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
int DynamicArray<TYPE>::getElements()
{
return m_elements;
}
template<typename TYPE>
TYPE DynamicArray<TYPE>::getElement(int index)
{
return m_array[index];
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Insert item into dynamic array
*
* Postcondition:
* Increment m_elements by 1
* Add a new potion to the dynamic array
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
void DynamicArray<TYPE>::Insert(const TYPE & add)
{
if (m_elements != 0)
{
TYPE * temp = new TYPE[m_elements];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
temp[i] = m_array[i];
}
delete m_array;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements + 1];
for (int i = 0; i <= m_elements; i++)
{
if (i == m_elements)
{
m_array[i] = add;
}
else
{
m_array[i] = temp[i];
}
}
delete temp;
m_elements++;
}
else
{
m_elements++;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements]{ add };
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Delete item from dynamic array
*
* Precondition: Array must contain at least one item
*
* Postcondition:
* Decrement the number of elements
* Find an item in the dynamic array
* Remove an item from the dynamic array
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
void DynamicArray<TYPE>::Delete(const TYPE & rmv)
{
if (m_elements != 0)
{
int index = Find(rmv);
if (index != -1)
{
TYPE * temp = new TYPE[(m_elements - 1)];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
if (i < index)
{
temp[i] = m_array[i];
}
else if (i > index)
{
temp[(i - 1)] = m_array[i];
}
}
delete m_array;
m_elements--;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
m_array[i] = temp[i];
}
delete temp;
}
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Display the elements of the array
*
* Postcondition:
* Send the array elements out to the console
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
void DynamicArray<TYPE>::display()
{
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
m_array[i].display();
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Overloaded subscript operator
*
* Postcondition:
* Return the array object given by the index
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
TYPE & DynamicArray<TYPE>::operator (int index)
{
return m_array[index];
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Overloaded Stream Insertion Operator
*
* Postcondition: Overloads the stream insertion operator in order to
* output the contents of the character using cout
*
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const DynamicArray<TYPE> & d)
{
for (int i = 0; i < d.m_elements; i++)
{
out << d.m_array[i] << endl;
}
return out;
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Find an item in the dynamic array
*
* Postcondition:
* Return the index of the found item
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
int DynamicArray<TYPE>::Find(const TYPE & target)
{
int found = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
if (m_array[i] == target)
{
found = i;
}
}
return found;
}
Backpack.h File
#pragma once
#include "dynamicarray.h"
#include "coinPouch.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "potions.h"
class Backpack
{
public:
// Constructors
Backpack();
Backpack(DynamicArray<Potion> potions);
Backpack(const Backpack & copy);
~Backpack();
// Overloaded operators
Backpack & operator = (const Backpack & rhs);
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const Backpack & c);
// Manipulate and view contents
void addPotion(const Potion & add);
void usePotion(const Potion & rm);
void displayContents();
// Getters
int getNumber();
DynamicArray<Potion> getPotions();
Potion getPotion(int index);
private:
DynamicArray<Potion> m_potions;
int m_number;
};
Character.h File
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
using std::ostream;
#include "string.h"
#include "coinPouch.h"
#include "backpack.h"
#include "dynamicarray.h"
#include "potions.h"
class Character
{
public:
// Constructors
Character();
Character(String name);
Character(String name, CoinPouch wallet, Backpack storage);
Character(const Character & copy);
// Destructor
~Character();
// Overloaded operators
Character & operator =(const Character & rhs);
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const Character & c);
// Manipulate and display contents
void purchase(int p, int g, int s, int c);
void income(int p, int g, int s, int c);
void addPotion(const Potion & toAdd);
void checkBalance();
void checkBackpack();
void changeName(const String & newN);
void display();
// Getters and setters
String getName();
CoinPouch getWallet();
Backpack getStorage();
void setName(String name);
void setWallet(CoinPouch wallet);
void setStorage(Backpack storage);
// Random Number Generator
int randomNum();
private:
String m_name;
CoinPouch m_wallet;
Backpack m_storage;
};
Errors:
Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State
Error C4430 missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 49
Error C3646 'm_storage': unknown override specifier cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 49
Error C2061 syntax error: identifier 'Backpack' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 41
Error C2059 syntax error: '(' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 38
Error C2238 unexpected token(s) preceding ';' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 38
Error C3646 'getStorage': unknown override specifier cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 38
Error C2061 syntax error: identifier 'Backpack' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 16
I'm just starting out with class templates and not sure what to expect. Been trying to figure this out for a while, any help is appreciated. Thanks!
EDIT: I believe the issue was circular dependency, and I think that I fixed that by removing the Character.h and Potions.h include in the Dynamic Array Class. That was the only thing I changed. Now I am receiving this error:
Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State
Error LNK2019 unresolved external symbol "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class DynamicArray<class Potion> const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABV?$DynamicArray@VPotion@@@@@Z) referenced in function "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class Backpack const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABVBackpack@@@Z) cst136_lab1_ehayes C:UsersElijah HayesDocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayesbackpack.obj 1 c++ class object templates
asked Nov 26 '18 at 23:55
empoweredevempoweredev
177
I am writing code for a game that features a character class with three elements that are other classes. One of these is a Backpack to hold items. The Backpack is created using another class called DynamicArray, which is basically a dynamic array that can hold other objects. I turned the dynamic array class into a class template so that the array can hold any object, and now the Backpack class is not being recognized in my Character class.
Dynamic Array Class Template:
#pragma once
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
using std::ostream;
using std::endl;
#include "potions.h"
#include "character.h"
template<typename TYPE>
class DynamicArray
{
public:
// Constructors
DynamicArray();
~DynamicArray();
DynamicArray(const DynamicArray & copy);
// Op Equals
DynamicArray & operator =(const DynamicArray & rhs);
// Getters
int getElements();
TYPE getElement(int index);
// Manipulate and view contents
void Insert(const TYPE & add);
void Delete(const TYPE & rmv);
void display();
// Overloaded operators
TYPE & operator (int index);
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const DynamicArray & d);
private:
// Member variables
TYPE * m_array;
int m_elements;
// Find function
int Find(const TYPE & target);
};
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Default constructor
*
* Postcondition:
* Initializes m_array and m_elements to nullptr and 0
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE>::DynamicArray() : m_array(nullptr), m_elements(0)
{
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Destructor
*
* Postcondition:
* Delete m_array
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE>::~DynamicArray()
{
if (m_array != nullptr)
{
delete m_array;
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Copy construcxtor
*
* Postcondition:
* Take an object as an argument and copy the contents to a new object
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE>::DynamicArray(const DynamicArray & copy) : m_elements(copy.m_elements)
{
int arrSize = copy.m_elements;
m_array = new TYPE[arrSize];
for (int i = 0; i < arrSize; i++)
{
m_array[i] = copy.m_array[i];
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Op equals
*
* Postcondition:
* Perform a deep copy of one object to another using the = operator
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
DynamicArray<TYPE> & DynamicArray<TYPE>::operator =(const DynamicArray & rhs)
{
if (this != &rhs)
{
delete m_array;
m_elements = rhs.m_elements;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
m_array[i] = rhs.m_array[i];
}
}
return *this;
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Elements getter
*
* Postcondition:
* Return the number of elements
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
int DynamicArray<TYPE>::getElements()
{
return m_elements;
}
template<typename TYPE>
TYPE DynamicArray<TYPE>::getElement(int index)
{
return m_array[index];
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Insert item into dynamic array
*
* Postcondition:
* Increment m_elements by 1
* Add a new potion to the dynamic array
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
void DynamicArray<TYPE>::Insert(const TYPE & add)
{
if (m_elements != 0)
{
TYPE * temp = new TYPE[m_elements];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
temp[i] = m_array[i];
}
delete m_array;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements + 1];
for (int i = 0; i <= m_elements; i++)
{
if (i == m_elements)
{
m_array[i] = add;
}
else
{
m_array[i] = temp[i];
}
}
delete temp;
m_elements++;
}
else
{
m_elements++;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements]{ add };
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Delete item from dynamic array
*
* Precondition: Array must contain at least one item
*
* Postcondition:
* Decrement the number of elements
* Find an item in the dynamic array
* Remove an item from the dynamic array
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
void DynamicArray<TYPE>::Delete(const TYPE & rmv)
{
if (m_elements != 0)
{
int index = Find(rmv);
if (index != -1)
{
TYPE * temp = new TYPE[(m_elements - 1)];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
if (i < index)
{
temp[i] = m_array[i];
}
else if (i > index)
{
temp[(i - 1)] = m_array[i];
}
}
delete m_array;
m_elements--;
m_array = new TYPE[m_elements];
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
m_array[i] = temp[i];
}
delete temp;
}
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Display the elements of the array
*
* Postcondition:
* Send the array elements out to the console
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
void DynamicArray<TYPE>::display()
{
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
m_array[i].display();
}
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Overloaded subscript operator
*
* Postcondition:
* Return the array object given by the index
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
TYPE & DynamicArray<TYPE>::operator (int index)
{
return m_array[index];
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Overloaded Stream Insertion Operator
*
* Postcondition: Overloads the stream insertion operator in order to
* output the contents of the character using cout
*
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const DynamicArray<TYPE> & d)
{
for (int i = 0; i < d.m_elements; i++)
{
out << d.m_array[i] << endl;
}
return out;
}
/**********************************************************************
* Purpose: Find an item in the dynamic array
*
* Postcondition:
* Return the index of the found item
************************************************************************/
template<typename TYPE>
int DynamicArray<TYPE>::Find(const TYPE & target)
{
int found = -1;
for (int i = 0; i < m_elements; i++)
{
if (m_array[i] == target)
{
found = i;
}
}
return found;
}
Backpack.h File
#pragma once
#include "dynamicarray.h"
#include "coinPouch.h"
#include "string.h"
#include "potions.h"
class Backpack
{
public:
// Constructors
Backpack();
Backpack(DynamicArray<Potion> potions);
Backpack(const Backpack & copy);
~Backpack();
// Overloaded operators
Backpack & operator = (const Backpack & rhs);
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const Backpack & c);
// Manipulate and view contents
void addPotion(const Potion & add);
void usePotion(const Potion & rm);
void displayContents();
// Getters
int getNumber();
DynamicArray<Potion> getPotions();
Potion getPotion(int index);
private:
DynamicArray<Potion> m_potions;
int m_number;
};
Character.h File
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
using std::ostream;
#include "string.h"
#include "coinPouch.h"
#include "backpack.h"
#include "dynamicarray.h"
#include "potions.h"
class Character
{
public:
// Constructors
Character();
Character(String name);
Character(String name, CoinPouch wallet, Backpack storage);
Character(const Character & copy);
// Destructor
~Character();
// Overloaded operators
Character & operator =(const Character & rhs);
friend ostream & operator << (ostream & out, const Character & c);
// Manipulate and display contents
void purchase(int p, int g, int s, int c);
void income(int p, int g, int s, int c);
void addPotion(const Potion & toAdd);
void checkBalance();
void checkBackpack();
void changeName(const String & newN);
void display();
// Getters and setters
String getName();
CoinPouch getWallet();
Backpack getStorage();
void setName(String name);
void setWallet(CoinPouch wallet);
void setStorage(Backpack storage);
// Random Number Generator
int randomNum();
private:
String m_name;
CoinPouch m_wallet;
Backpack m_storage;
};
Errors:
Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State
Error C4430 missing type specifier - int assumed. Note: C++ does not support default-int cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 49
Error C3646 'm_storage': unknown override specifier cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 49
Error C2061 syntax error: identifier 'Backpack' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 41
Error C2059 syntax error: '(' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 38
Error C2238 unexpected token(s) preceding ';' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 38
Error C3646 'getStorage': unknown override specifier cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 38
Error C2061 syntax error: identifier 'Backpack' cst136_lab1_ehayes c:userselijah hayesdocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayescharacter.h 16
I'm just starting out with class templates and not sure what to expect. Been trying to figure this out for a while, any help is appreciated. Thanks!
EDIT: I believe the issue was circular dependency, and I think that I fixed that by removing the Character.h and Potions.h include in the Dynamic Array Class. That was the only thing I changed. Now I am receiving this error:
Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State
Error LNK2019 unresolved external symbol "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class DynamicArray<class Potion> const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABV?$DynamicArray@VPotion@@@@@Z) referenced in function "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class Backpack const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABVBackpack@@@Z) cst136_lab1_ehayes C:UsersElijah HayesDocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayesbackpack.obj 1 Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State
Error LNK2019 unresolved external symbol "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class DynamicArray<class Potion> const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABV?$DynamicArray@VPotion@@@@@Z) referenced in function "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class Backpack const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABVBackpack@@@Z) cst136_lab1_ehayes C:UsersElijah HayesDocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayesbackpack.obj 1 Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State
Error LNK2019 unresolved external symbol "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class DynamicArray<class Potion> const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABV?$DynamicArray@VPotion@@@@@Z) referenced in function "class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > & __cdecl operator<<(class std::basic_ostream<char,struct std::char_traits<char> > &,class Backpack const &)" (??6@YAAAV?$basic_ostream@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@@std@@AAV01@ABVBackpack@@@Z) cst136_lab1_ehayes C:UsersElijah HayesDocumentscst136_lab1_ehayes-mastercst136_lab1_ehayesbackpack.obj 1 c++ class object templates
c++ class object templates
asked Nov 26 '18 at 23:55
empoweredevempoweredev
177
asked Nov 26 '18 at 23:55
empoweredevempoweredev
177
edited Nov 27 '18 at 2:06
empoweredev
asked Nov 26 '18 at 23:55
empoweredevempoweredev
177
asked Nov 26 '18 at 23:55
empoweredevempoweredev
177
asked Nov 26 '18 at 23:55
empoweredevempoweredev
177
177
I believe you have a circular include path.
– drescherjm
Nov 26 '18 at 23:58
1
Possible duplicate of Resolve build errors due to circular dependency amongst classes
– drescherjm
Nov 26 '18 at 23:58
Unrelated: You may find visual Studio's Output tab more useful than the Error List tab. The Error List often truncates the error message severely, limiting the information that could be available to you. In addition the Output tab is raw text and really easy to cut and paste.
– user4581301
Nov 27 '18 at 0:25
@drescherjm Thank you for the link, that makes sense. I now believe I understand circular dependency, but how is that affecting my code? Sorry, I was looking through what I had and wasn't sure where the issue was.
– empoweredev
Nov 27 '18 at 0:40
2
@empoweredev This question is unrelated and should probably be asked in a new question. Anyway this is a mistake indynamicarray.h, theoperator<<friend should be either inline or should be referring to the templated version defined later, but to do so it would need to be forward-declared before the class definition. (see "Template friend operators" in en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/friend)
– user10605163
Nov 27 '18 at 2:42
|
show 7 more comments
I believe you have a circular include path.
– drescherjm
Nov 26 '18 at 23:58
1
Possible duplicate of Resolve build errors due to circular dependency amongst classes
– drescherjm
Nov 26 '18 at 23:58
Unrelated: You may find visual Studio's Output tab more useful than the Error List tab. The Error List often truncates the error message severely, limiting the information that could be available to you. In addition the Output tab is raw text and really easy to cut and paste.
– user4581301
Nov 27 '18 at 0:25
@drescherjm Thank you for the link, that makes sense. I now believe I understand circular dependency, but how is that affecting my code? Sorry, I was looking through what I had and wasn't sure where the issue was.
– empoweredev
Nov 27 '18 at 0:40
2
@empoweredev This question is unrelated and should probably be asked in a new question. Anyway this is a mistake indynamicarray.h, theoperator<<friend should be either inline or should be referring to the templated version defined later, but to do so it would need to be forward-declared before the class definition. (see "Template friend operators" in en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/friend)
– user10605163
Nov 27 '18 at 2:42
I believe you have a circular include path.
– drescherjm
Nov 26 '18 at 23:58
I believe you have a circular include path.
– drescherjm
Nov 26 '18 at 23:58
1
1
Possible duplicate of Resolve build errors due to circular dependency amongst classes
– drescherjm
Nov 26 '18 at 23:58
Possible duplicate of Resolve build errors due to circular dependency amongst classes
– drescherjm
Nov 26 '18 at 23:58
Unrelated: You may find visual Studio's Output tab more useful than the Error List tab. The Error List often truncates the error message severely, limiting the information that could be available to you. In addition the Output tab is raw text and really easy to cut and paste.
– user4581301
Nov 27 '18 at 0:25
Unrelated: You may find visual Studio's Output tab more useful than the Error List tab. The Error List often truncates the error message severely, limiting the information that could be available to you. In addition the Output tab is raw text and really easy to cut and paste.
– user4581301
Nov 27 '18 at 0:25
@drescherjm Thank you for the link, that makes sense. I now believe I understand circular dependency, but how is that affecting my code? Sorry, I was looking through what I had and wasn't sure where the issue was.
– empoweredev
Nov 27 '18 at 0:40
@drescherjm Thank you for the link, that makes sense. I now believe I understand circular dependency, but how is that affecting my code? Sorry, I was looking through what I had and wasn't sure where the issue was.
– empoweredev
Nov 27 '18 at 0:40
2
2
@empoweredev This question is unrelated and should probably be asked in a new question. Anyway this is a mistake in
dynamicarray.h, the operator<< friend should be either inline or should be referring to the templated version defined later, but to do so it would need to be forward-declared before the class definition. (see "Template friend operators" in en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/friend)– user10605163
Nov 27 '18 at 2:42
@empoweredev This question is unrelated and should probably be asked in a new question. Anyway this is a mistake in
dynamicarray.h, the operator<< friend should be either inline or should be referring to the templated version defined later, but to do so it would need to be forward-declared before the class definition. (see "Template friend operators" in en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/friend)– user10605163
Nov 27 '18 at 2:42
|
show 7 more comments
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I believe you have a circular include path.
– drescherjm
Nov 26 '18 at 23:58
1
Possible duplicate of Resolve build errors due to circular dependency amongst classes
– drescherjm
Nov 26 '18 at 23:58
Unrelated: You may find visual Studio's Output tab more useful than the Error List tab. The Error List often truncates the error message severely, limiting the information that could be available to you. In addition the Output tab is raw text and really easy to cut and paste.
– user4581301
Nov 27 '18 at 0:25
@drescherjm Thank you for the link, that makes sense. I now believe I understand circular dependency, but how is that affecting my code? Sorry, I was looking through what I had and wasn't sure where the issue was.
– empoweredev
Nov 27 '18 at 0:40
2
@empoweredev This question is unrelated and should probably be asked in a new question. Anyway this is a mistake in
dynamicarray.h, theoperator<<friend should be either inline or should be referring to the templated version defined later, but to do so it would need to be forward-declared before the class definition. (see "Template friend operators" in en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/friend)– user10605163
Nov 27 '18 at 2:42